Some cancer treatments can cause effects that persist after treatment has ended or that develop months or even years later. These are known as long-term effects (when they begin during treatment and continue afterwards) and late effects (when they appear some time after treatment has finished).

Not everyone will experience these effects, and the risk varies depending on the type of cancer, the treatments received, the doses administered, age, overall health and other individual factors.

Possible Late Effects

Late effects can affect different organs and body systems. Examples include:

• Early menopause or treatment-related hormonal symptoms.
• Reduced fertility or infertility.
• Peripheral neuropathy (tingling, numbness or pain in the hands and feet).
• Osteopenia or osteoporosis, with an increased risk of fractures.
• Heart problems or an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Lung-related complications.
• Cognitive difficulties, such as problems with memory or concentration.
• Persistent fatigue.
• Lymphoedema, sexual health concerns or emotional wellbeing issues.
• In some cases, an increased risk of developing a second cancer related to certain treatments.

The potential long-term and late effects depend on the treatments you have received. Your healthcare team can advise you about the specific risks associated with your individual situation and the follow-up care that may be recommended.

Follow-up After Treatment

After treatment has been completed, it is important to attend all scheduled follow-up appointments. These visits help identify potential late effects at an early stage, monitor existing health concerns and promote healthy lifestyle habits.

It is recommended that you keep a record or treatment summary of the cancer therapies you have received and share this information with any healthcare professionals involved in your future care.